First, let me dispose of some issues irrelevant to
my subject here. This blog is not about the question of whether or not voter
IDs are a good thing, or whether or not a reform of the voting system is
desirable and fair. I don’t care so much about this, because I don’t think
voting is all that important. But, hey, yes, let’s by all means make sure that voting
is accessible to all adult citizens on an equal and transparent basis. Let’s
get rid of the dirty tricks, etc.
“Liberals” reading my stuff sometimes see their own
issues as my targets, without paying attention to what I am really saying. They
allow their presumptions about me to dictate what they think I must be saying. I
suppose, given the proximity and media-prominence of the impending election
this is understandable, if regrettable. And, indeed, this blog was, in part, inspired
by the usual sentiments regarding voting.
For example, It is not correct to claim that
voting is a privilege. It is not a privilege. It is a right. And so is the
right not to vote. There is surely nothing admirable about voting for the sake
of voting when none of the alternatives are desirable to you – especially if
they are all equally undesirable. And exercising your right not to vote, to sit
on your hands, at least makes a statement to this effect. So we should
stop mouthing this judgmental platitude.
We might be less prone to do so if we realized that
in actual fact the right to vote is much, much less important than certain
other rights, and not realizing this has resulted in a perversion of our values
when it comes to judging domestic and foreign policy. What I aim to establish
here is that we accord much too much respect and importance to the
establishment of political-democracy and much too little to economic-democracy.
The context is primarily foreign policy – the values and principles we try to
spread around the word.
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Nothing I say here is original. In fact, it is
somewhat chutzpahdick of me to even trot it out again. It is painfully familiar
to many – certainly most economists, political scientists, political
philosophers, and similar folks. So I beg their forgiveness. It is not,
however, familiar to most people. Somewhere along the way in the last one
hundred years or so the idea of political-democracy, the right to vote for
those who form the government, at various levels, became identified with the
very essence of freedom. This is the conventional wisdom today. And it is to
the vast majority for whom this appears to be the case that this blog is
directed. It is a challenge to the conventional wisdom, an invitation to engage
in, perhaps difficult, reflection to consider my claim that what you believe on
this is wrong, dangerously wrong.
It is dangerously wrong because this is only
one side of the coin. Along with the veneration of the right to vote has
come the denigration of the right to trade, to protection of one’s
property, the right to spend one’s money as one sees fit, in short, economic-democracy.
Right about now I am in danger of losing a portion
of my audience. Seeing these terms about economic freedom, some will conclude
that this is a familiar and irrelevant rant from an economic conservative with ridiculous
and insensitive claims about the importance of economic freedom. Sad to say
these days it takes only a little discomfort with views expressed to provoke
people to turn off. I hope you resist this impulse.
Think about it. What really matters most to the majority
of the world’s population living in poor or modest economic circumstances under
arbitrary and mostly brutal dictatorships? The right to vote for a limited
slate of candidates once every now again, or the right to trade, move, spend,
read, speak, freely? Of course, you say, the latter, but the former is
necessary for the achievement of the latter. No it is not., Not only is it not
necessary, it is not sufficient either. The right to vote is not a cause of
economic or personal freedom. It is, if related at all, a result, a not-so
important result. In other words, if you really care about personal freedom for
most people in the world you should be emphasizing the liberalization of the
economy – most importantly – the freeing of trade, the opening of closed
markets. It is quite simply the attainment of a high degree of economic freedom
that is responsible for the achievement of prosperity and the personal freedom
that comes with it. Prosperity is impossible without economic freedom. If you don’t
believe that find me a counterexample.
A graphic and vital example of this is how the
simple process of exchange enriches in so many ways. At its most basic, trade
is a positive-sum game in which both parties gain. I give up something I value
less for something I values more, so I experience an increase in value. And the
person who sells to me gives up something he values less for something he values
more (things he can buy with the money I give him). Value goes up for him. By the
simple act of exchange for mutual advantage, value is created. Unlike the
amount of mass-energy in the world, value can be both increased and decreased. In
fact, value can be increased without limit. We call that economic growth. And it
begins with simple exchange.
But, exchange, trade, is much more than just that. The
process of trade is conducive to many other profound benefits over time. It is
provocative of innovation in production, it is provocative of artistic
innovation; because of increases in productivity, wealth, value, it is
responsible for the spread of literacy (people do not have the time to learn to
read or to read when they are devoting all their time to surviving), and of individual
reflection that brings one to the realization of what freedom is and how it is
to be achieved and maintained. Only then does the right to vote matter much at
all. Without a commitment to the fundamental values and institutions that support
the achievement of a modicum of prosperity, the
right to vote is not much use at all. To encourage people to think
that if they have to right to vote for a government who promises to make them
rich they will be free, is the height of irresponsibility when you know that
all that said government will do is try to make itself rich at their expense.
The responsible thing to do is to help people gain the realization that
prosperity comes from the bottom-up in the right circumstances and the best
that governments can do is allow it to develop.
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It is simpler than it might seem. Everything flows
from basic property-rights. In fact, correctly understood, property-rights encompass
all individual rights and individual rights are the basis of freedom. It starts
with self-ownership (property-rights over oneself) – individual autonomy. No
one should be able to own anyone else. Can we agree on that? Then, by extension
(says John Locke) we can assert a right of ownership over that which we create
or come by voluntarily trough trade or gift. It is property-rights all the way
up.
And this works if and only if such property-rights
are sufficiently secure. Ambiguity surrounds human affairs and judgement in
ownership disputes is called for. Such judgement must be seen to be fair, equal
and universal. In other words, we need abstract rules (laws, customs, norms,
etc.) that apply to everyone equally – that is, everyone, the president as much
as the peasant (at least in sufficient measure). Rules needs to be apart from
the rulers who enforce them. Such a society is said to be governed by ‘the rule
of law’ and not by the rule of men (humans).
Where do these rules-laws come from? That is another matter of course,
about which volumes have been written. Suffice it to say that they are the stuff
of long-term social evolution and consitutionalization. If we are to maintain
the kind of freedom we are talking about here they cannot be arbitrary and they
cannot be ephemeral. They must be durable, respected in the abstract, not
subject to opportunistic tinkering.
To summarize, property-rights under the rule of
law is the ticket to freedom, real freedom. That is economic freedom, and
it extends to all manner of individual rights, including freedom of speech and
expression generally. Don’t touch me and don’t touch my stuff without my
permission – applicable to everybody equally. If we care about freedom and
about world poverty we should be doing what we can to bring about these social
institutions. Not easy, maybe not even possible in most places. But starting
with freedom to trade is a viable strategy. Help people to help themselves and
they will realize the ingredients of freedom in time.
One other thing. Political freedom without economic
freedom is useless – actually a dangerous diversion. If there is no private
ownership of resources, or if the latter is not secure, then political freedom
is an illusion at best. No one can marshal
the necessary resources to be a viable opposition without private property
guarantees. Witness Russia - one sad and prominent example of many.
So when president Kennedy said that the Vietnam
intervention was “to make the world safe for democracy” he was way off target,
unless he meant economic-democracy, aka, economic freedom. The people of Vietnam
today have a much greater measure of economic freedom than they did then, but
not so much of political-democracy. And they are much better off. A result
of opening up of trade and investment and migration, not a result of war.
And when president Bush proclaimed that an aim of
the Iraq adventure was to bring democracy to Iraq, he was equally off target.
The proclaimed aim of the Iraq intervention was ‘nation building’. You cannot
build a nation by securing for people the right to vote. When they have
achieved a measure of freedom the right to vote won’t matter that much. Why did
president Bush not embrace the aim of economic freedom? Why does no president
put this front and center? Because it is not political expedient to do so. Because
political-democracy is venerated and economic-democracy is denigrated. Political-democracy
is a false god. It is time to depose this false god.
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This cannot be done solely with an understanding of
the importance economic-democracy. One needs, in addition, a sober
understanding of the problems that attach to political-democracy in its various
forms.
Quite simply, the political vote is a blunt,
inefficient instrument for getting what you want as an individual. It is a 0-1
choice for a proposition given to you. More often than not, that proposition is
a candidate, the embodiment of a bundle of promises, some of which matter to
you some of which do not, and on some of which your candidate has the right
ideas (or so he/she says) while on the others he/she is wrong (on your terms). There is no sense in which you get anything
significant of all of what you want to be happy by exercising your vote. Your
vote does not even matter. And even if it did, you exercise it once every long
period for the confounded package as a whole, not for any of its constituent
parts.
What emerges from the political process that we
refer to as representative democracy – the political-democracy of our foreign
policy pronouncements – is a dictatorship of minority special interests. Politicians
are political entrepreneurs who buy votes by promising special favors to
economically powerful people who reward them in various ways, legal and
extra-legal. Those who marshal enough
power in this way get to dictate to the rest of us about things over which we
have no control. The more things are subject to choice by politics, the less
choice there really is.
You do not get the yellow tie you want by voting. You
do not get the house you want by voting, or the car, or the food you like to
eat, or the books you like to read, or most of what makes your life comfortable
and meaningful. The dollar vote is a much more flexible instrument than the
political vote. Increasing the ability of people to vote with their dollars
will ultimately increase the dollars they have to vote with. That is what we
should be doing. That is what we should be emphasizing.
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One final word on “inequality”. It’s all the rage
right now. Doesn’t the system characterized by economic freedom that I am
talking about produce large and unacceptable inequalities between people? The answer
to that is not so simple. First, it refers to economic inequality. Equality before
the law, equality of individual property-rights, etc. are part of the system. What
some refer to as economic inequality are simply the different outcomes of
different choices. Presumably there is nothing unfair about that. I will share
a secret with you. Academic employment does not pay as much as some other
things I might have done. I chose this, was free to choose it, and I earn less
as a result. Guess what? I am happier than I would have been earning more in a
job I liked less. That is a large part of it.
Yes, but what about really poor people? They don’t have
many options at all. True. Their problem is not inequality though. It is
poverty. It is not clear that economic freedom does produce more inequality in
a meaningful sense. It does produce more diversity of outcomes. Some measures
of inequality count this as more inequality. If so, then it is part of the
package and not a bad thing. In really poor countries there is inequality of a
different kind. There is typically a small proportion of the population, the
political elite, that is fabulously wealthy, and the rest of the mass of the
population who are all equally, miserably poor. Now that kind of inequality is
something to get energized about.
As for us, we can achieve that kind of
inequality-equality in the U.S. if we want. We just have to decide whether we
prefer to be unequally rich or equally poor.
Equality of outcome is another false god. The ridiculous
concentration of the wealth at the very top, notwithstanding the Oxfams of this
world’s preoccupation with it, inequality is not the problem; poverty is. And poverty
worldwide though still a problem, is at an all-time low.
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Our economic policies, our foreign policies, our social policies, all are
bankrupt. But we will not be able to change them until we change the terms of
discourse at the very top.
